{"id":36717,"date":"2026-09-25T08:42:04","date_gmt":"2026-09-25T06:42:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/?p=36717"},"modified":"2026-09-25T08:42:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T06:42:23","slug":"francesc-bailon-the-inuit-are-human-beings-in-their-purest-form","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/francesc-bailon-the-inuit-are-human-beings-in-their-purest-form\/","title":{"rendered":"Francesc Bail\u00f3n: \u201cThe Inuit are human beings in their purest form\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Anthropologist, writer and science communicator Francesc Bail\u00f3n. \/ Photo: Courtesy of the author<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>FACE TO FACE WITH<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Francesc Bail\u00f3n, anthropologist, writer and polar traveller<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a style=\"display: inline-block;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license noopener noreferrer\">License Creative Commons <img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/by.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/nc.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/nd.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/DAVIDRABADA\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-14927 entered litespeed-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/David-Rabada-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"70\" height=\"70\" data-lazyloaded=\"1\" data-src=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/David-Rabada-1-150x150.jpg\" data-ll-status=\"loaded\" \/><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/DAVIDRABADA\"><strong>David Rabad\u00e0<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>I met Francesc in the summer of 2008 during an expedition to Greenland. Between my geological perspective on the Arctic landscapes and his passion for the anthropology of Inuit peoples, long conversations grew out of the cold of the polar nights, beneath spectacular northern lights and surrounded by the vastness of the eternal ice. That experience allowed me to discover not only a rigorous researcher, but also a gifted science communicator and traveller. For me, interviewing this anthropologist was a must.<\/p>\n<p>Born in Barcelona on 27 February 1968, <strong>Francesc Bail\u00f3n<\/strong> is a writer, polar traveller and science communicator. He holds a degree in Cultural Anthropology from the University of Barcelona and, since 1997, has devoted his career to the ethnographic study of Arctic peoples, especially Inuit communities. He has thus become one of the most internationally recognised specialists in this field\u2014and I stress the word internationally.<\/p>\n<p>Throughout his career, he has organised and led expeditions to Greenland, Siberia, Mongolia and Lapland, living alongside peoples such as the Inuit, Nenets and Sami. His field experience spans more than sixty countries, where he has studied numerous Indigenous communities. Alongside his research, he is also deeply involved in public outreach through lectures, exhibitions, publications and teaching. He currently teaches at several institutions, coordinates the Inuit culture section of the SELM, is a member of the Sociedad Geogr\u00e1fica Espa\u00f1ola and collaborates with several research centres specialising in Arctic studies. Meeting Francesc again in an office, far removed from the field that first brought us together, feels rather strange.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>When did you decide that anthropology was to be your vocation? What personal experiences led you towards the study of Indigenous cultures?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I knew from a very young age. While other classmates, aged ten or eleven, were reading <em>Mortadelo y Filem\u00f3n<\/em>, <em>Botones Sacarino<\/em>, <em>Zipi y Zape<\/em> and other comics, I was reading books by explorers and anthropologists about the Arctic. So, from a very young age, I wanted to be an explorer and an anthropologist.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Did you have any doubts?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When I finished my studies, I did have doubts, thinking that anthropology might not offer much in the way of career prospects. But I changed my mind and completed my anthropology degree, which had been my dream since childhood.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Since 1997, you have devoted a very important part of your life to studying Arctic peoples. What initially attracted you to Inuit culture, and what continues to fascinate you today?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From a very young age, I had always been fascinated by the Arctic and the Inuit. When I now give talks about these subjects in schools, I explain that Inuit culture is one of the most appealing to children, with things like polar bears, sledges and igloos. But when I finished my anthropology degree, I realised that in Spain there was a need to promote knowledge of Inuit culture. In fact, when I read C. W. Bowra\u2019s book <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.es\/POESIA-CANTO-PRIMITIVO-FUNDACION-ICO\/dp\/8485855299\/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.VOh2o1a0bcVS7WXCNDu50w.qrtaNNaqYTxHox51e3mlScrmDDPIrpkZuCRHkKMnR0c&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;qid=1781113297&amp;refinements=p_27%3AC.+W.+Bowra&amp;s=books&amp;sr=1-1\"><em>Poesia Canto Primitivo<\/em><\/a>, I realised that the Inuit were the people to whom I wanted to devote my life.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThe Inuit had a practice called <em>piseq<\/em> (or <em>tordlut<\/em> in some dialects), which involved resolving community tensions and conflicts through poetic singing duels\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Was there any other detail that awakened this passion?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yes. I discovered that the Inuit, with the exception of murder, settled their conflicts by improvising songs and poems. That fascinated me because they were a people who did not use physical violence to resolve tensions, but rather linguistic ingenuity. In fact, the Inuit had a practice called <em>piseq<\/em> (or <em>tordlut<\/em> in some dialects), which involved resolving community tensions and conflicts through poetic singing duels\u2014what I call the poets of the Arctic.<\/p>\n<p><strong>So, instead of resorting to physical violence, they relied on creativity as a conception of justice aimed at preserving social cohesion.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yes, and that is something about the Inuit that continues to fascinate me, as does their adaptation to an extreme and hostile environment in which they have managed to bring out the best in human beings in order to live in perfect symbiosis with nature.<\/p>\n<p><strong>So how would you define the Inuit?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>They are very hospitable and humble people, and a reference point for what human beings were like before we transformed ourselves into a modern animal. The Inuit are human beings in their purest form.<\/p>\n<p><strong>This year marks 25 years of your visits to Inuit lands. Needless to say, you have undertaken numerous expeditions to the Arctic and other remote regions of the world. What role have effort, perseverance and adaptability played in shaping your professional career?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When I give talks in schools, and speak to them about our future, I always tell them that the most important thing is to have dreams, to believe in them, to make them their own, and above all to remember that you have to fight for them with great effort and perseverance. If they do that, nothing and nobody will be able to stop them. In short, you have to become aware of your own path, and that this path will be long and difficult. But if you really want to live your life with passion, you should do so in order to help others.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cWhen I give talks in schools, and speak to them about our future, I always tell them that the most important thing is to have dreams, to believe in them, to make them their own, and above all to remember that you have to fight for them with great effort and perseverance\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>When I think of you, I think of Nigel Barley\u2019s book <\/strong><strong><em>The Innocent Anthropologist<\/em>. Living alongside peoples such as the Inuit, Nenets and Sami requires you to earn the trust of their communities. How do you establish the human connection that is essential to good anthropological research?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nigel Barley\u2019s book <em>The Innocent Anthropologist<\/em> marked a turning point for me. You have to be yourself and remove all the academic barriers imposed by the university. What I mean is that from that book I learned how important it is to be yourself and to understand that anthropology is, above all, an encounter between people. The academic barriers that universities often impose\u2014maintaining excessive distance, avoiding emotional involvement or seeking absolute objectivity\u2014never worked for me. Quite the opposite: I discovered that trust, closeness and the ability to show yourself as you are, allow you to understand people and cultures much better. That book made me realise that the researcher is not an invisible observer, but someone who is part of the reality they study. Since then, I have tried to approach others authentically, accepting that human relationships are a fundamental tool for understanding the world. Above all, by becoming one of them, entering their world and earning their respect.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Do you have any anecdotes in the spirit of Nigel Barley\u2019s book <\/strong><strong><em>The Innocent Anthropologist<\/em>?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I have an anecdote that always reminds me of the lessons conveyed by Nigel Barley. In 2002, in Greenland, I was doing fieldwork and became particularly interested in a traditional song sung by an Inuit woman. When I took out my recorder to record it, she realised what I was doing and stopped singing immediately. I left the house quite frustrated, thinking I had lost a valuable opportunity to document that cultural heritage.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I can see the humility of Nigel Barley here. What happened next?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A few days later, while I was out accompanying a hunting party, I discovered a surprise. Without my noticing, the same woman had taken my recorder and recorded the entire song. She had done it when she felt the time was right and in the way she had chosen.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cKnowledge comes when the community decides to share it\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>On expeditions to many countries and among many ethnic groups, I always keep one infinitive in mind: to share. What did that episode teach you?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>That episode taught me a fundamental lesson in anthropology: knowledge is not obtained because the researcher asks for it or because they have a particular methodology at their disposal. Knowledge comes when the community decides to share it. An anthropologist may be in a hurry, but the people they work with have their own rhythms, their own rules and their own way of establishing trust. That day I understood that listening and knowing how to wait are often much more important than asking questions. In short, the anthropologist goes there to learn.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In my travels, as we have already discussed, when I learn and speak to people in the local language, a bond of trust emerges. You told me in Greenland that you speak a little of the Inuit language?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>According to my Inuit friends Hans and Mona, as well as my godson Kaluk and my goddaughter Paningua, I speak about 35% of their language. Knowing how complicated their language is, that enriches me as a person.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Inuit language is, as I can attest, very complicated phonetically. I would say the same about another language you are also quite familiar with, Mongolian. Why?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>My wife, Tuya, whose name means \u201csunlight\u201d, is from Mongolia. And, in fact, the culture that most resembles that of the Inuit, as a kindred culture, is Mongolia\u2019s.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I travelled alone around Mongolia for a month in the summer of 2004 and I agree with you. There are quite a few similarities between the Inuit of Greenland and the nomads there.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Despite the distance separating the Arctic from the Asian steppes, both peoples have developed a way of life based on resilience and respect for the environment. Both the Inuit and the Mongolian nomads know that survival depends on solidarity and the transmission of knowledge between generations. They also share a view of time and space closely linked to the cycles of nature. These are cultures that have learned to live with very little, yet are extraordinarily rich in values, traditions and practical wisdom. Perhaps that is why, whenever I have been with one or the other, I have often had the feeling of encountering kindred spirits.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cBoth the Inuit and the Mongolian nomads know that survival depends on solidarity and the transmission of knowledge between generations\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Today you are considered one of the leading specialists in Inuit culture. What factors do you think account for this professional recognition after decades of fieldwork?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recognition is always appreciated, especially when it comes from the scientific community or from the very people you have worked with for years. But, honestly, I do not think much about what I have done, but rather about everything that still remains to be done. Inuit culture remains little known in many areas, and there are still many stereotypes to challenge. If I have achieved anything, it has been to help bring this reality closer to the public in Spain. I have tried to show that anthropology is not only about studying cultures, but also about building bridges between them. This work has allowed me to collaborate on a wide range of projects: advising on film productions, international documentaries, reports for the BBC, theatre productions, exhibitions and numerous outreach activities. I have also had the satisfaction of seeing some of these initiatives receive major awards, such as a Gaud\u00ed Award.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Gaud\u00ed Award?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Well, not me, but a film by Isabel Coixet whom I advised.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Which film was that?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Nadie quiere la noche<\/em>. The film is set in Greenland in 1908 and tells the story of Josephine Peary\u2019s expedition to the North Pole and her relationship with Allaka, an Inuit woman who changes her life.<\/p>\n<p><strong>And what has changed your life?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Well, the most important things are not awards or titles. What really changes my life is having helped make other ways of understanding the world visible and having shown that peoples such as the Inuit have much to teach us about sustainability, cooperation, adaptation and our relationship with nature. An anthropologist can do much more than study: they can help build understanding between different societies and enrich the way we see ourselves.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The transmission of knowledge is fundamental in both traditional and modern societies. What can we learn from Indigenous peoples about how to educate and transmit culture across generations?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One of the things you learn by living alongside peoples such as the Inuit or Kazakhs is the central importance of oral tradition. In Western societies, we often give greater weight to written knowledge and books, but these peoples remind us that a large part of culture, identity and collective memory is passed from person to person, through the living word. Oral transmission is not an optional extra, but an essential element. If it is not maintained, knowledge is lost or fragmented. At the same time, this does not mean that the written tradition is unimportant: both forms of transmission are fundamental and complement each other.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThe key is to understand that both orality and writing are different ways of preserving and giving meaning to culture\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>What is the key to oral and written transmission?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The key is to understand that both orality and writing are different ways of preserving and giving meaning to culture. To understand these peoples\u2014and for them to understand themselves\u2014it is necessary to value these two dimensions of knowledge equally. Ultimately, what we learn is that education is not simply about accumulating information, but about ensuring that this information remains alive and has continuity from one generation to the next.<\/p>\n<p><strong>As a teacher and science communicator, what are the main problems you currently see in the transmission of knowledge within Western education systems?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One of the main problems I observe is that, very often, knowledge is presented to pupils almost exclusively through reading and books. Clearly, learning from written texts is fundamental and irreplaceable, but it cannot be the only route. When knowledge is confined to this dimension, there is a risk of turning it into something abstract and remote from reality. Learning, by contrast, acquires much greater depth when it is combined with experiences, lived experience and direct contact with the world.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What else needs to be done?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Introducing more experiential and contextualised methods not only enriches the education system, but also enriches pupils, because these methods allow them to understand better what they are learning and give it a broader, more personal meaning. Ultimately, it is about finding a balance between theoretical knowledge and experience, because both are necessary for a well-rounded education.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What influence did your teachers, your family and the education you received have on the formation of the values that have guided your life and career?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>My father always tells me that I am living the life I want to have, and that this is a luxury not many people can afford. But beyond my family in general, I would say there are also two people who have had a particularly strong influence on me. The first is my paternal grandmother. She was a very curious, adventurous and extraordinary person. After a major operation, she decided to turn her recovery into a living legacy for the family: she suggested and paid for a family trip to Brazil. I remember her strength and vitality. She was someone capable of facing difficulties with great determination. One of her experiences that had the greatest impact on me was climbing Corcovado Mountain on that trip to Brazil.<\/p>\n<p><strong>And who was the second person who had such an impact on your life?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The second key person was my anthropology lecturer Dolores Juliano. After finishing my degree and travelling in the Arctic, I returned with many doubts about my future. I remember a meeting with her at the Laie bookshop, where I told her that I had discovered my vocation while studying the Inuit, but I also expressed my fears and insecurities. She listened to me and helped me understand that this was my path, giving me the final push I needed to devote myself to field anthropology. In fact, I mention this meeting with her in my first book because it was a key moment in my career: she helped me to trust myself and carry on.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_36630\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-36630\" style=\"width: 900px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36630\" src=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/FRANCESC-BAILON-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/FRANCESC-BAILON-4.jpg 900w, https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/FRANCESC-BAILON-4-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/FRANCESC-BAILON-4-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-36630\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Francesc Bail\u00f3n will shortly publish an illustrated book entitled: <em>Dones inuit. Un viatge a l\u2019\u00c0rtic<\/em>. \/ Photo: Courtesy of the author.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>After visiting more than sixty countries and getting to know many different communities, what human lessons do you consider most valuable for younger generations?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Above all, I would tell them that the fundamental thing is to pursue their dreams. We only have one life, and we need to live it intensely, trying to make what we do fulfil us and make us feel true to ourselves. When a person decides to follow their dreams, they often encounter more obstacles than they would in a conventional and predictable life. But it is also true that this path brings an important added value: the possibility of making a positive contribution to society, helping other people and, ultimately, making the world a little better. I think that is the key: to act according to your own criteria and values, but with a clear guiding thread, namely your dreams and personal passions. When that happens, what you contribute can become truly meaningful.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What do you think lies within the power of younger generations?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>What younger generations have in their hands is precisely this: the ability to decide which path they want to follow and, with it, the possibility of building a better future both for themselves and for others. You have to pursue your dreams, and we only have one life, so we must make the most of it because it will not come around again.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cDreams have meaning when they become actions, when they turn into paths travelled and experiences lived\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Looking back, what would you say to the young Francesc Bail\u00f3n as he was taking his first steps into anthropology and exploratory travel?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I would tell him, above all, always to be himself. Personal values and principles are fundamental and ultimately become the compass that guides any life and career. I would also remind him that having dreams is not enough: you have to work to make them a reality. Dreams have meaning when they become actions, when they turn into paths travelled and experiences lived. Ultimately, I would tell him to trust his way of understanding the world, not to give up his authenticity, and to have the determination to pursue whatever truly motivates him to the very end.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What goals would you like to achieve in the coming years?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If I am honest, I do not look back much on what I have done, but nor do I plan the future excessively. I like looking ahead, but without making myself anxious with rigid or overly defined projects. Over all these years as an anthropologist, most of what has happened to me has arisen naturally, almost unexpectedly. Very rarely has it been the result of a fixed plan. So I am not particularly concerned about having new projects. I trust that the future will continue to bring me interesting opportunities and experiences, as it has done so far, and that new gifts will come my way. That said, I do have a few ideas that keep coming back to me: the possibility of an expedition that could become one of the most extraordinary I have ever undertaken, or an Arctic memoir in which I could bring together experiences from all the years I have spent in those territories. But beyond that, what really interests me is letting life suggest new paths to me. Ultimately, the best thing about my career is that many of the important things have come without my explicitly seeking them.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Francesc, thank you very much for giving us your time and sharing your life and professional experience. Finally, we would like to know what you are currently working on.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I will shortly have an illustrated book about Inuit women published, entitled: <em>Dones inuit. Un viatge a l\u2019\u00c0rtic<\/em>, which for the time being will be published in Spanish, Catalan, Slovenian and French. I am currently advising the Catalan theatre company Festuc on a play about the Inuit people. In the autumn, I will hold a photographic exhibition about the Nenets and give a lecture at the prestigious Torell\u00f3 Mountain Film Festival. Next year, I plan to undertake anthropological and cultural expeditions to Ecuador, Mongolia (both in summer and again in autumn) and Greenland. In terms of research, I am working in different territories: on the one hand, continuing my fieldwork in Greenland and, on the other, in Mongolia.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Well, safe travels, Francesc.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Safe travels to you too, David.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Source:\u00a0<strong>educational EVIDENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rights:\u00a0<strong>Creative Commons<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Born in Barcelona on 27 February 1968, Francesc Bail\u00f3n is a writer, polar traveller and science communicator. 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