{"id":34455,"date":"2026-04-10T08:40:16","date_gmt":"2026-04-10T06:40:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/?p=34455"},"modified":"2026-04-10T08:40:40","modified_gmt":"2026-04-10T06:40:40","slug":"teacher-mobilisations-and-strikes-the-causes-of-a-long-standing-pattern-of-negative-discrimination","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/teacher-mobilisations-and-strikes-the-causes-of-a-long-standing-pattern-of-negative-discrimination\/","title":{"rendered":"Teacher mobilisations and strikes: the causes of a long-standing pattern of negative discrimination"},"content":{"rendered":"

Teachers\u2019 demonstrations across Catalonia, March 2026. \/ Photo: Sindicat Professors de Secund\u00e0ria<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

License Creative Commons <\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Xavier Mass\u00f3<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The long tradition of student rebellion \u2014 and students\u2019 well-known fondness for boisterous drinking and rowdy behaviour \u2014 was not exactly invented in Berkeley in the 1960s, nor during the Paris events of May \u201968 (the reigning adanism does real damage here). Saint Augustine was already complaining about the fickleness of his students and their tendency towards libertinism \u2014 much like his own in his youth, it must be said \u2014 but what happened on St Scholastica\u2019s Day in Oxford<\/strong> went much further.<\/p>\n

It was 10 February 1355, the feast of St Scholastica, in Oxford, the university town par excellence<\/em>. Towards dusk, two university students, Walter Spryngeheuse and Roger de Chesterfield<\/strong>, were having a few pints with a group of friends at the Swindlestock Tavern<\/strong>, an establishment frequented by both locals and students. We do not know whether they had planned a classic dine-and-dash<\/em>, or whether it was simply the amount of beer consumed that sparked the dispute. What we do know is that they became embroiled in a loud and acrimonious argument with the landlord, John Croidon<\/strong>, over the poor quality of the ale \u2014 in short, they accused him of watering it down.<\/p>\n

The students refused to pay, and in the heat of the argument matters quickly shifted from argumentum logicum<\/em> to argumentum baculinum<\/em>: they assaulted the landlord. The locals present took Croidon\u2019s side; the students rallied to their companions. What followed was a full-scale brawl <\/strong>between townspeople and students until the latter, heavily outnumbered, fled back towards the university to seek refuge and reinforcements \u2014 without paying, of course.<\/p>\n

Hostility between the townspeople of Oxford and the student population was nothing new, and this was far from the first such incident. Since King Henry II<\/strong> had forbidden English students to study in France some century and a half earlier, Oxford University had begun to grow rapidly, with ever-increasing numbers of students arriving in the town. There were what we might call \u2018social\u2019 reasons of everyday coexistence behind the tensions. Students looked down on the locals and complained bitterly about extortionate prices. For their part, the townspeople detested the students for their love of hard drinking and their libertine habits, blaming them for their daughters\u2019 unwanted pregnancies and for disturbing the peace with their irrepressible taste for noise and rowdy behaviour.<\/p>\n

But there were also more overtly \u2018political\u2019 grievances. The civic authorities were keen to assert control over the university<\/strong> and increasingly resentful of its separate legal status, its ecclesiastical privileges and its direct protection by the Crown. On this occasion, however, the mayor of Oxford, John de Bereford<\/strong>, thought he saw an opportunity to exploit popular anger for his own ends. What he achieved instead was to turn what had begun as a drunken tavern brawl into three days of barbarity and open warfare between town and gown.<\/p>\n

After the students\u2019 retreat into the university, news of the altercation drew armed townspeople to the area. Several students, unaware of what had happened and venturing near the Swindlestock Tavern, were savagely lynched by enraged mobs. Mayor Bereford then marched to the university with his bailiffs to demand that the chancellor, Humphrey de Cherlton<\/strong>, immediately hand over the two students responsible to the secular authorities. Cherlton refused, arguing that the mayor had no jurisdiction over the university, and dismissed him in no uncertain terms \u2014 and with good reason. A few years earlier, two students accused by townspeople of raping a young woman had been handed over by the university and promptly lynched in the street, without trial or evidence of any kind. Whether they were guilty or not was never established, and Cherlton was not prepared to allow such a thing to happen again.<\/p>\n

As the mayor and his bailiffs were attacked by students while leaving the university and narrowly escaped, the bells of St Mary\u2019s Church \u2014 the university church \u2014 rang out to summon the students, who chanted \u201cHavock! Havock! Smyte fast, give gode knocks!<\/strong>\u201d<\/em> \u2014At the same time, the bells of St Martin\u2019s Church \u2014 the parish church of Oxford \u2014 were calling the townspeople to arms with exactly the same aim and slogans. By then, several bodies already lay in the streets, most of them students.<\/p>\n

That night and over the following two days, Oxford became the battleground of a brutal war, fought with fire and sword, between students and townspeople<\/strong>. The latter even went so far as to storm university buildings and lecture halls. On the third day, royal forces arrived and order was finally restored. Sixty-three students and thirty townspeople had been killed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Royal justice sided with the university, finding the mayor and the town guilty. King Edward III sentenced the town of Oxford to pay the university an annual fine of sixty-three pence for each student killed<\/strong>. In addition, the mayor and councillors were required every 10 February to attend a mass after processing through the streets bareheaded \u2014 a mark of deep humiliation \u2014 and to renew annually their oath to respect the university\u2019s privileges.<\/p>\n

These \u2018penalties\u2019 remained in force until 1825, when the then mayor of Oxford refused to continue taking part in the ceremony. Six hundred years later, on 10 February 1955, the long shadow of the riot was finally laid to rest in an act of reconciliation: the British Parliament repealed Edward III\u2019s decree, the mayor of Oxford received an honorary doctorate from the university, and the City Council presented the university\u2019s chancellor with the keys to the city.<\/p>\n

The Swindlestock Tavern remained open until 1709<\/strong>. A commemorative plaque on the building that now stands on the site \u2014 today a branch of Santander Bank \u2014 recalls its history. The only building from those days that still survives in Oxford today is Carfax Tower, all that remains of the old Church of St Martin.<\/p>\n

Whether this custom dates from then \u2014 given the uproar, it might well do \u2014 is impossible to say. What is certain is that in English pubs drinks are paid for promptly, often at the very moment they are ordered, or even before they are served. And there is, as they say, a reason for that.<\/p>\n

\n

Source:\u00a0educational EVIDENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n

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