{"id":32442,"date":"2026-01-22T08:39:09","date_gmt":"2026-01-22T07:39:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/?p=32442"},"modified":"2026-01-22T08:39:36","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T07:39:36","slug":"pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/","title":{"rendered":"Pedagogism and anti-Enlightenment"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Isaiah Berlin during the reception of the Erasmus Prize, Oct. 1983 \/ Photo: <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=45595345\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Por Rob C. Croes (ANEFO) &#8211; GaHetNa (Nationaal Archief NL), CC0<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a style=\"display: inline-block;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license noopener noreferrer\">License Creative Commons <img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/by.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/nc.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/nd.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-12365\" src=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Andreu-cover-696x452-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"70\" height=\"70\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AndreuNavarra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Andreu Navarra<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Between 1770 and 1820 a cultural process unfolded that bears striking parallels with what has taken place in the West between 1970 and 2020. In order to diagnose the high-water mark of the anti-Enlightenment reaction associated with <em>Sturm und Drang<\/em>, <strong>Isaiah Berlin<\/strong> focused above all on three figures: <strong>Hamann, Vico and Schelling<\/strong>. Midway through <em>The Counter-Enlightenment<\/em> (1973), Berlin notes that \u201cVico\u2019s works, unsystematic as they are, deal with many other matters, but their importance in the history of the Enlightenment lies in their insistence on the plurality of cultures, and on the consequent falsity of the idea that there exists a single structure of reality which the enlightened philosopher can see as it truly is and, at least in principle, describe in a logically perfect language\u2014an idea that has obsessed thinkers from <strong>Plato to Leibniz, Condillac, Russell<\/strong> and their most faithful followers\u201d. Put bluntly, Vico believed there could be a Swiss science and cosmos, a Chinese one, or Greek, Turkish, Basque or Welsh ones.<\/p>\n<p>What particularly troubled Berlin was the realisation that mid-eighteenth-century Enlightenment rationalism had given birth to an <strong>anti-aristocratic meritocracy<\/strong>, whereas Democracy and Republicanism were, paradoxically, inventions of <strong>anti-Enlightenment Romanticism<\/strong>\u2014driven by its fierce determination to show that there was no single, central way of reasoning about and organising culture and the universe. Diversity belonged to <strong>Rousseau and Novalis<\/strong>, not to <strong>Hume or Montesquieu.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yet it was neither Vico nor even Rousseau whom Berlin accused of delivering the fatal blow to the optimistic progressivism of a certain <strong>Kant or Condorcet<\/strong>. That role fell to a theologian and philosopher from K\u00f6nigsberg, <strong>J. G. Hamann<\/strong>. \u201cIf Vico wished to shake the pillars on which the Enlightenment of his day rested\u201d, Berlin writes, \u201cHamann wished to crush them\u201d. Educated as a pietist\u2014within the most introspective and inward-looking of Lutheran sects\u2014Hamann was committed to direct communion between the individual soul and God, bitterly anti-rationalist, prone to emotional excess, and obsessed with intense experiences of moral obligation and severe self-discipline. My working hypothesis is simple: just as Hamann drew sustenance from the most traditionalist Protestant reaction, determined to resist the reforms of <strong>Frederick the Great<\/strong>\u2014so eager to import French culture and its military and administrative practices into Prussia\u2014so today\u2019s anti-globalist reaction has taken the form of a civil religion strikingly similar to Hamann\u2019s pietistic rigour.<\/p>\n<p>Alarmed by the dissolution of earlier social orders, today\u2019s middle class has generated <strong>pedagogism as a fetishisation<\/strong> of childhood and an almost millenarian exaltation of the New Man in a New Earthly Paradise. Above all, it seeks to escape the real state of educational affairs and to settle instead into a comfortable authoritarian utopianism. The difficulty with this outcome (Hamann fascinated <strong>Goethe<\/strong> much as <strong>Tonucci<\/strong> now hypnotises teachers) is that the result resembles not liberation but submission to the deregulatory demands of the economic order. A moral obligation bordering on self-abasement replaces the work ethic once sketched by <strong>Marx<\/strong>. In other words, neo-spiritual anti-progressivism does not deepen social egalitarianism; it consolidates socio-economic estates.<\/p>\n<p>Pedagogism increasingly resembles a <strong>secularised Calvinism<\/strong>, or a millenarian pietism obsessed with the most militant utilitarianism. In little more than two decades, universalist ideology has been transformed into an ultra-particularist defence\u2014if not outright sacred individualism. Proposals for immediate redemption without budgetary requirements (since each individual redeems themselves) owe more to nostalgic reveries of premodern worlds than to any materialist and responsible management of resources within a democracy, which is necessarily procedural. Translated plainly: instead of developing even a minimal common emancipatory culture, the new pedagogist pietism becomes entangled in a murky web of idealist voluntarism that, by omission, clears the way for every form of civic dispossession.<\/p>\n<p>Since life itself will educate us; since the only authentic gesture is fusion with algorithmic nature; since love alone matters and only values generated by emotivist spectacle exist\u2014there is no longer anyone left to emancipate, nor anyone to educate for meaningful, high-quality work. Labour and reading are deferred to another life, or reserved for an elite that quietly mocks us. Poverty is sanctified; those who submit to redemption and accept <strong>Revealed Truth<\/strong> are rewarded with incandescent words. And meanwhile, our pockets have already been picked while we drooled over universal love.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Source:\u00a0<strong>educational EVIDENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rights:\u00a0<strong>Creative Commons<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Between 1770 and 1820 a cultural process unfolded that bears striking parallels with what has taken place in the West between 1970 and 2020. In order to diagnose the high-water mark of the anti-Enlightenment reaction associated with Sturm und Drang, Isaiah Berlin focused above all on three figures&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":32431,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[276],"tags":[3876,3879,1116,3877,3878],"class_list":["post-32442","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinion-en","tag-anti-enlightenment","tag-isaiah-berlin","tag-pedagogism","tag-romanticism","tag-secularised-calvinism"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pedagogism and anti-Enlightenment - Educational Evidence<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Between 1770 and 1820 a cultural process unfolded that bears striking parallels with what has taken place in the West between 1970 and 2020. In order to diagnose the high-water mark of the anti-Enlightenment reaction associated with Sturm und Drang, Isaiah Berlin focused above all on three figures\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pedagogism and anti-Enlightenment - Educational Evidence\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Between 1770 and 1820 a cultural process unfolded that bears striking parallels with what has taken place in the West between 1970 and 2020. In order to diagnose the high-water mark of the anti-Enlightenment reaction associated with Sturm und Drang, Isaiah Berlin focused above all on three figures\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Educational Evidence\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-01-22T07:39:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-01-22T07:39:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Berlin-Isaiah_1983.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"540\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"educational EVIDENCE\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Andreu Navarra\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"educational EVIDENCE\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/91a8797f56f6a2e7ba6fd6297739bbf1\"},\"headline\":\"Pedagogism and anti-Enlightenment\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-22T07:39:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-22T07:39:36+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":739,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/Berlin-Isaiah_1983.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"anti-Enlightenment\",\"Isaiah Berlin\",\"Pedagogism\",\"Romanticism\",\"secularised Calvinism\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Opinion\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/\",\"name\":\"Pedagogism and anti-Enlightenment - Educational Evidence\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/Berlin-Isaiah_1983.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-22T07:39:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-22T07:39:36+00:00\",\"description\":\"Between 1770 and 1820 a cultural process unfolded that bears striking parallels with what has taken place in the West between 1970 and 2020. In order to diagnose the high-water mark of the anti-Enlightenment reaction associated with Sturm und Drang, Isaiah Berlin focused above all on three figures\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/Berlin-Isaiah_1983.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/Berlin-Isaiah_1983.jpg\",\"width\":900,\"height\":540},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Portada\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Pedagogism and anti-Enlightenment\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"Educational Evidence\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Educational Evidence\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/educational_evidence_logo_horitzontal_blanc_negatiu.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/educational_evidence_logo_horitzontal_blanc_negatiu.png\",\"width\":3508,\"height\":1090,\"caption\":\"Educational Evidence\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/91a8797f56f6a2e7ba6fd6297739bbf1\",\"name\":\"educational EVIDENCE\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/wp-content\\\/litespeed\\\/avatar\\\/e9888a11dc51b117a0209ebd4a5f884d.jpg?ver=1776243515\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/wp-content\\\/litespeed\\\/avatar\\\/e9888a11dc51b117a0209ebd4a5f884d.jpg?ver=1776243515\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/wp-content\\\/litespeed\\\/avatar\\\/e9888a11dc51b117a0209ebd4a5f884d.jpg?ver=1776243515\",\"caption\":\"educational EVIDENCE\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/educationalevidence.com\\\/\"],\"url\":\"\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Pedagogism and anti-Enlightenment - Educational Evidence","description":"Between 1770 and 1820 a cultural process unfolded that bears striking parallels with what has taken place in the West between 1970 and 2020. In order to diagnose the high-water mark of the anti-Enlightenment reaction associated with Sturm und Drang, Isaiah Berlin focused above all on three figures","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Pedagogism and anti-Enlightenment - Educational Evidence","og_description":"Between 1770 and 1820 a cultural process unfolded that bears striking parallels with what has taken place in the West between 1970 and 2020. In order to diagnose the high-water mark of the anti-Enlightenment reaction associated with Sturm und Drang, Isaiah Berlin focused above all on three figures","og_url":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/","og_site_name":"Educational Evidence","article_published_time":"2026-01-22T07:39:09+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-01-22T07:39:36+00:00","og_image":[{"width":900,"height":540,"url":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Berlin-Isaiah_1983.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"educational EVIDENCE","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Andreu Navarra","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/"},"author":{"name":"educational EVIDENCE","@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/91a8797f56f6a2e7ba6fd6297739bbf1"},"headline":"Pedagogism and anti-Enlightenment","datePublished":"2026-01-22T07:39:09+00:00","dateModified":"2026-01-22T07:39:36+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/"},"wordCount":739,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Berlin-Isaiah_1983.jpg","keywords":["anti-Enlightenment","Isaiah Berlin","Pedagogism","Romanticism","secularised Calvinism"],"articleSection":["Opinion"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/","url":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/","name":"Pedagogism and anti-Enlightenment - Educational Evidence","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Berlin-Isaiah_1983.jpg","datePublished":"2026-01-22T07:39:09+00:00","dateModified":"2026-01-22T07:39:36+00:00","description":"Between 1770 and 1820 a cultural process unfolded that bears striking parallels with what has taken place in the West between 1970 and 2020. In order to diagnose the high-water mark of the anti-Enlightenment reaction associated with Sturm und Drang, Isaiah Berlin focused above all on three figures","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Berlin-Isaiah_1983.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Berlin-Isaiah_1983.jpg","width":900,"height":540},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/pedagogism-and-anti-enlightenment\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Portada","item":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Pedagogism and anti-Enlightenment"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/","name":"Educational Evidence","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/#organization","name":"Educational Evidence","url":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/educational_evidence_logo_horitzontal_blanc_negatiu.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/educational_evidence_logo_horitzontal_blanc_negatiu.png","width":3508,"height":1090,"caption":"Educational Evidence"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/91a8797f56f6a2e7ba6fd6297739bbf1","name":"educational EVIDENCE","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/e9888a11dc51b117a0209ebd4a5f884d.jpg?ver=1776243515","url":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/e9888a11dc51b117a0209ebd4a5f884d.jpg?ver=1776243515","contentUrl":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/e9888a11dc51b117a0209ebd4a5f884d.jpg?ver=1776243515","caption":"educational EVIDENCE"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/"],"url":""}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32442","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32442"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32442\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32906,"href":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32442\/revisions\/32906"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32431"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32442"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32442"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32442"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}