{"id":32247,"date":"2026-01-15T08:51:38","date_gmt":"2026-01-15T07:51:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/?p=32247"},"modified":"2026-01-16T08:45:45","modified_gmt":"2026-01-16T07:45:45","slug":"jeronimo-de-ayanz-scientist-engineer-soldier-spy-adventurer-and-inventor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/en\/jeronimo-de-ayanz-scientist-engineer-soldier-spy-adventurer-and-inventor\/","title":{"rendered":"Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz: scientist, engineer, soldier, spy, adventurer and inventor"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Portrait of Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont. Fundaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola para la Ciencia y la Tecnolog\u00eda, Eulogia Merle. \/\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont#\/media\/Archivo:Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont_(MUNCYT,_Eulogia_Merle).jpg\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a style=\"display: inline-block;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license noopener noreferrer\">License Creative Commons <img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/by.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/nc.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/nd.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-8678\" src=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Xavier-150x150.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 70px) 100vw, 70px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Xavier-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Xavier-100x100.jpg 100w\" alt=\"\" width=\"70\" height=\"70\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/XmaSecundaria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Xavier Mass\u00f3<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Had he been born elsewhere, he would, without question, be a figure of global renown\u2014celebrated in literary studies on his life and in scientific treatises for the brilliance of his work. He registered and applied the <strong>first steam engine<\/strong> a century before Savery in England and two centuries before Watt would turn it into the talisman of the Industrial Revolution. History offers many instances in which some have taken the credit owed to others; in Ayanz\u2019s case, it was not even that, but simple oblivion\u2014an oblivion that reflects not on the forgotten man but on those who never remembered him.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont<\/strong> (1553\u20131613) was born in the lordship of Gendul\u00e1in, near Pamplona, into a family of the lesser Navarrese nobility. He was, by any measure, an extraordinary figure: inventor, engineer, scientist and cosmographer, and endowed, moreover, with remarkable physical presence and strength\u2014at least if we trust Lope de Vega\u2019s portrayal in <em>Lo que pasa en una tarde<\/em>, where he casts him as a new Alcides, a new Hercules.<\/p>\n<p>At fourteen he entered the service of <strong>Philip II\u2019s<\/strong> court. Destined for a military career, he took part in the <strong>campaigns of Tunis and La Goleta (1573),<\/strong> and was subsequently posted to Milan, where he remained for several years and immersed himself in the scientific developments of the age. He marched with his tercio along the Spanish Road towards Flanders, distinguishing himself as a military engineer in various engagements\u2014<strong>Gembloux, Zierikzee<\/strong>, and others. Back in Spain in 1579, he joined the Portuguese campaign the following year and distinguished himself by uncovering and thwarting a French plot to assassinate Philip II. In 1582 he fought in the naval battle of Isla Terceira. Even in 1589 he raised a troop to go to A Coru\u00f1a to repel <strong>Drake\u2019s Counter-Armada.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Soon afterwards (1587), he was appointed municipal councillor of Murcia and undertook the <strong>fortification of the port of Cartagena<\/strong>. That same year he was also named Administrador General de Minas del Reino (General Administrator of Mines of the Realm). He travelled across the Peninsula inspecting mines and nearly died from toxic gases released during one inspection. He set about improving the dire conditions in which miners laboured. The two great problems were water accumulation in the galleries and the corruption of the air. To drain the water, he devised a siphon with a heat exchanger: using water from the upper level, with which the ore was washed, he generated the energy needed to raise the water collected in the lower galleries by means of steam driving the fluid through a pipe and emptying the flooded shafts. In doing so he put into practice the concept of atmospheric pressure half a century before <strong>Torricelli<\/strong>, and fluid dynamics before <strong>Bernoulli<\/strong>; he had invented the steam engine. To tackle polluted air, he cooled air with snow and channelled it into the galleries by the same method. Being the cold air denser, the cooled air lowered the temperature and introduced breathable fresh air, expelling the foul air to the outside. It was the first principle of thermodynamics applied two centuries early, and the first air-conditioning system in history\u2014implemented in the Guadalcanal mine and, on a domestic scale, in his own home.<\/p>\n<p>In 1599 he proposed to the court of Philip III a plan to liberalise the rigid economic system governing mining and labour, alongside a programme to establish schools of mining engineering. These proposals were rejected, though it is unclear whether because they were not understood or because they were understood all too well; modernisation and science were already falling out of favour in a Spain increasingly withdrawn into itself.<\/p>\n<p>Soon afterwards\u2014perhaps sensing that the situation offered no further prospects\u2014he withdrew from public life and devoted himself to operating the silver mine of Guadalcanal (Seville) and a gold deposit near El Escorial.<\/p>\n<p>The list of his inventions, steam engine aside, is astonishingly long. He built successfully tested <strong>diving equipment<\/strong>, a compression pump, a furnace for distilling water aboard ship, precision balances, a compass indicating magnetic declination, the arch structure for reservoir dams, furnaces for metallurgical work\u2026 As many as <strong>forty-eight inventions<\/strong> appear in the \u2018Privilegio de invenci\u00f3n\u2019, the patent register of the time\u2014many of them one or two centuries ahead of later developments in England during the Industrial Revolution, where they received far greater support and continuity.<\/p>\n<p>The National Library holds a multi-page document, printed in 1612, in which he explains his scientific experiments\u2014accompanied by a letter addressed to <strong>Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy<\/strong>\u2014including treatises on the compulsion of elements, the existence of the void, perpetual motion, the sphere of fire and the fall of bodies. He even designed a submarine, though its mechanism remains unknown; he may even have built and piloted it himself, though this point is unconfirmed.<\/p>\n<p>He died at sixty in Madrid, on 23 March 1613, probably from poisoning contracted in a mine. He was buried in Murcia Cathedral. Neither his achievements nor his legacy found any real continuation. Had his programme of engineering schools been adopted, matters might have taken a very different turn\u2014and Spain might never have needed to justify its scientific drought with that boastful retort: <em>\u201c<strong>Let them invent<\/strong>!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Source:\u00a0<strong>educational EVIDENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rights:\u00a0<strong>Creative Commons<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Had he been born elsewhere, he would, without question, be a figure of global renown\u2014celebrated in literary studies on his life and in scientific treatises for the brilliance of his work. He registered and applied the first steam engine a century before Savery in England and two centuries before Watt would turn it into the talisman of the Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":32138,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[255],"tags":[2423,3779],"class_list":["post-32247","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","tag-industrial-revolution","tag-jeronimo-de-ayanz"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz: scientist, engineer, soldier, spy, adventurer and inventor - Educational Evidence<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Had he been born elsewhere, he would, without question, be a figure of global renown\u2014celebrated in literary studies on his life and in scientific treatises for the brilliance of his work. 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