{"id":36160,"date":"2026-09-08T08:20:24","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T06:20:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/?p=36160"},"modified":"2026-09-08T08:20:37","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T06:20:37","slug":"les-proves-pisa-a-catalunya-lefecte-backfire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/ca\/les-proves-pisa-a-catalunya-lefecte-backfire\/","title":{"rendered":"Les proves PISA a Catalunya: l\u2019efecte backfire"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/es\/users\/alanajordan-25247407\/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=8728711\">Alana Jordan<\/a> &#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/es\/\/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=8728711\">Pixabay<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a style=\"display: inline-block;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/deed.ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license noopener noreferrer\">Llic\u00e8ncia Creative Commons<img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/cc.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/by.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/nc.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 22px!important; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: text-bottom;\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/icons\/nd.svg?ref=chooser-v1\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-16875\" src=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Josep-Oton_150-149x150-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"70\" height=\"70\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Josep Oton<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>De vegades, quan alg\u00fa rep una informaci\u00f3 que contradiu el seu discurs, en comptes de rectificar, s\u2019aferra encara m\u00e9s a les seves conviccions. Es blinda per reafirmar les seves idees tot i que s\u2019aportin proves que les desmenteixen. La psicologia social denomina aquest fenomen \u201c<strong>l\u2019efecte <em>backfire<\/em><\/strong>\u201d, tamb\u00e9 conegut com perseveran\u00e7a en les creences, conservadorisme conceptual o in\u00e8rcia ideol\u00f2gica.<\/p>\n<p>Es tracta d\u2019un <strong>mecanisme de defensa<\/strong> at\u00e8s que, sovint, les idees estan profundament arrelades en la personalitat de l\u2019individu i esdevenen un <strong>element identitari<\/strong>. Aleshores, les dades aportades no s\u00f3n assumides com informacions rellevants, sin\u00f3 com una amena\u00e7a. Veure\u2019s obligat a recon\u00e8ixer una equivocaci\u00f3 \u00e9s percebut com un atac personal. S\u2019abandona el terreny del debat intel\u00b7lectual per entrar en l\u2019enfrontament visceral.<\/p>\n<p>Aquest biaix cognitiu sol estar associat a creences pol\u00edtiques o religioses, instal\u00b7lades en l\u2019inconscient i alimentades per emocions intenses vinculades a la pertinen\u00e7a a un col\u00b7lectiu determinat. Ara b\u00e9, \u00e0mbits que haurien d\u2019estar presidits per l\u2019objectivitat, com ara la ci\u00e8ncia, tampoc estan exempts d\u2019aquests mecanismes. Canviar d\u2019idea ja no \u00e9s una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 merament intel\u00b7lectual, pot implicar a\u00efllament respecte el grup de refer\u00e8ncia, erosiona la coher\u00e8ncia interna en reclamar una reestructuraci\u00f3 mental i posa en entredit les decisions que conformen la hist\u00f2ria personal.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019efecte <em>backfire<\/em> mostra que sovint<strong> l\u2019objectiu de molts debats<\/strong> no \u00e9s l\u2019adquisici\u00f3 d\u2019un coneixement plausible, sin\u00f3 la <strong>protecci\u00f3 d\u2019una identitat, individual o col\u00b7lectiva<\/strong>. Si perilla, la racionalitat cedeix el protagonisme a l\u2019instint de superviv\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n<p>Tal vegada, certs discursos pedag\u00f2gics a Catalunya estiguin impregnats d\u2019aquest prejudici psicol\u00f2gic que genera una visi\u00f3 esbiaixada dels problemes del sistema escolar.<\/p>\n<p>La <strong>pol\u00edtica educativa catalana<\/strong>, impulsada des de l\u2019Administraci\u00f3, per\u00f2 promoguda per col\u00b7lectius de te\u00f2rics de l\u2019educaci\u00f3, docents i fam\u00edlies, sovint ha recelat de l\u2019escola p\u00fablica de car\u00e0cter funcionarial i ha preferit models de gesti\u00f3 de caire empresarial, com ha quedat pal\u00e8s amb el <strong>Decret de plantilles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019\u00e8mfasi en la innovaci\u00f3 neix d\u2019un estil d\u2019escola, precisament d\u2019iniciativa privada, que va demostrar la seva extraordin\u00e0ria idone\u00eftat durant les d\u00e8cades dels seixanta i dels setanta en fomentar el catal\u00e0, la coeducaci\u00f3, la no confessionalitat i la pedagogia activa com a contrapunt d\u2019una escola monoling\u00fce, que separava nens i nenes, expl\u00edcitament religiosa i basada en l\u2019aprenentatge memor\u00edstic.<\/p>\n<p>Aquest model s\u2019inspirava, al seu torn, en la <em>nouvelle p\u00e9dagogie<\/em>, en el Instituto-escuela de la Instituci\u00f3n Libre de Ense\u00f1anza, en les experi\u00e8ncies escolars catalanes del primer ter\u00e7 del segle XX, en la <em>comprehensive school<\/em> anglosaxona i, no menys important, en la tradici\u00f3 catalana d\u2019educaci\u00f3 del lleure (esplais, col\u00f2nies, escoltisme&#8230;).<\/p>\n<p>Tot i les seves excel\u00b7lents contribucions, aquest estil d\u2019ensenyament potser no s\u2019ha mostrat tan efica\u00e7 en el moment de la seva generalitzaci\u00f3 (o imposici\u00f3) al conjunt del sistema educatiu. El context familiar, migratori, social, cultural, ling\u00fc\u00edstic, religi\u00f3s i econ\u00f2mic actual \u00e9s prou diferent. \u00c9s m\u00e9s divers i comporta un grau major de complexitat. La recepta adequada en determinats entorns pot ser contraproduent en d\u2019altres.<\/p>\n<p>Aix\u00ed s\u2019ha apostat per metodologies globalitzadores en detriment de les especialitats docents. S\u2019ha impulsat la digitalitzaci\u00f3 dels continguts en perjudici del llibre de text. S\u2019ha promogut l\u2019aprenentatge per descobriment relegant la instrucci\u00f3 directa (classe magistral). Els plans individualitzats han deixat de ser un recurs excepcional per esdevenir una mesura habitual, mentre es descarten les agrupacions homog\u00e8nies segons les necessitats i capacitats dels alumnes.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>El resultat ha estat la <strong>caiguda del nivell acad\u00e8mic<\/strong>, un fet constatable en el dia a dia de les escoles. A m\u00e9s, l\u2019\u00fas del catal\u00e0, la igualtat de g\u00e8nere, el pensament cr\u00edtic i l\u2019atenci\u00f3 als m\u00e9s vulnerables tampoc passen pel seu millor moment entre els joves catalans. El professionals de la doc\u00e8ncia estan farts. Se\u2019ls demana l\u2019impossible i ja no poden m\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Les avaluacions externes reflecteixen aquesta situaci\u00f3 preocupant. Tanmateix, s\u2019han convertit en un convidat inc\u00f2mode que cal bandejar. Aix\u00ed les proves de compet\u00e8ncies b\u00e0siques que abans eren censals, ara s\u00f3n mostrals. Ja no les realitzen tots els alumnes, tan sols una part, una mostra estad\u00edstica. Abans les fam\u00edlies podien saber quin era el nivell del seu fill o filla, o el del seu centre, per poder aplicar mesures correctores. Ara \u00e9s un sondeig, i tots sabem com es cuinen els sondejos. A m\u00e9s, enguany les compet\u00e8ncies ling\u00fc\u00edstiques s\u2019han avaluat amb proves tipus test, sense haver d\u2019escriure ni una lletra.<\/p>\n<p>Pel que fa a <strong>PISA<\/strong>, els darrers resultats han estat catastr\u00f2fics. El Departament ha encarregat a l\u2019OCDE un estudi de possibles millores. Una decisi\u00f3 for\u00e7a controvertida. Seria com si una fam\u00edlia contract\u00e9s per a fer classes particulars el professor que despr\u00e9s haur\u00e0 d\u2019avaluar l\u2019estudiant.<\/p>\n<p>Malgrat aquesta estrat\u00e8gia tan sospitosa, <strong>la realitat ha superat els pitjors recels<\/strong>. En les proves PISA del <strong>2026 s\u2019ha excl\u00f2s deliberadament una quarta part de l\u2019alumnat<\/strong>. Si aquests nois i noies haguessin hagut de resoldre els exercicis, la davallada dels resultats encara hauria estat m\u00e9s sonada.<\/p>\n<p>Es pot atribuir a una errada t\u00e8cnica, per\u00f2 un proc\u00e9s tan cost\u00f3s no es pot permetre el luxe d\u2019aquesta mena d\u2019equivocacions. Alg\u00fa s\u2019imagina que aix\u00f2 mateix hagu\u00e9s succe\u00eft en unes eleccions? Aleshores parlar\u00edem expl\u00edcitament de tupinada.<\/p>\n<p>Segurament, el desgavell en l\u2019aplicaci\u00f3 de les proves PISA pret\u00e9n amagar el desastre dels resultats acad\u00e8mics de l\u2019alumnat catal\u00e0. Un exemple grotesc de l\u2019efecte <em>backfire<\/em>. Quan les evid\u00e8ncies contradiuen la teoria, <strong>es prefereix distorsionar les dades per no fer trontollar una narrativa oficial<\/strong> sostinguda durant d\u00e8cades.<\/p>\n<p>Refermar-se en uns postulats obsolets, desqualificar sistem\u00e0ticament a qui s\u2019atreveixi a dir que el rei va nu o malbaratar recursos p\u00fablics amb metodologies ineficaces no resoldr\u00e0 de cap manera el problema, tot el contrari, l\u2019empitjorar\u00e0. Els ha sortit el tret per la culata.<\/p>\n<p>___<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Art. 18.1 del Decret 299\/1997, encara vigent.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Font:\u00a0<strong>educational EVIDENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Drets:\u00a0<strong>Creative Commons<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>De vegades, quan alg\u00fa rep una informaci\u00f3 que contradiu el seu discurs, en comptes de rectificar, s\u2019aferra encara m\u00e9s a les seves conviccions. Es blinda per reafirmar les seves idees tot i que s\u2019aportin proves que les desmenteixen. La psicologia social denomina aquest fenomen \u201cl\u2019efecte backfire\u201d, tamb\u00e9 conegut com perseveran\u00e7a en les creences, conservadorisme conceptual o in\u00e8rcia ideol\u00f2gica.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":36153,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[245],"tags":[4664,4665,4666],"class_list":["post-36160","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-portada-ca","tag-efecte-backfire","tag-pisa-catalunya","tag-politica-educativa-catalana"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les proves PISA a Catalunya: l\u2019efecte backfire - Educational Evidence<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"De vegades, quan alg\u00fa rep una informaci\u00f3 que contradiu el seu discurs, en comptes de rectificar, s\u2019aferra encara m\u00e9s a les seves conviccions. Es blinda per reafirmar les seves idees tot i que s\u2019aportin proves que les desmenteixen. La psicologia social denomina aquest fenomen \u201cl\u2019efecte backfire\u201d, tamb\u00e9 conegut com perseveran\u00e7a en les creences, conservadorisme conceptual o in\u00e8rcia ideol\u00f2gica.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/ca\/les-proves-pisa-a-catalunya-lefecte-backfire\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les proves PISA a Catalunya: l\u2019efecte backfire - Educational Evidence\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"De vegades, quan alg\u00fa rep una informaci\u00f3 que contradiu el seu discurs, en comptes de rectificar, s\u2019aferra encara m\u00e9s a les seves conviccions. 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