{"id":35743,"date":"2026-06-18T08:39:49","date_gmt":"2026-06-18T06:39:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/?p=35743"},"modified":"2026-06-18T08:39:58","modified_gmt":"2026-06-18T06:39:58","slug":"pedagoga-feminista-i-folklorista-parlem-de-maria-baldo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/ca\/pedagoga-feminista-i-folklorista-parlem-de-maria-baldo\/","title":{"rendered":"Pedagoga, feminista i folklorista. Parlem de Maria Bald\u00f3"},"content":{"rendered":"

Maria Bald\u00f3 Massanet. \/ Foto: Viquip\u00e8dia<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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Llic\u00e8ncia Creative Commons<\/a><\/p>\n

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Soledad Bengoechea<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Aquest article parla d\u2019una dona singular: de Maria Bald\u00f3 Massanet<\/strong>, una dona que va tenir la sort de viure una vida intensa, plena. La seva vocaci\u00f3 era sobre tot l\u2019ensenyament, posant el punt de mira molt especialmente en l\u2019educaci\u00f3 de les dones, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 estaba molt interessada en el folklorisme<\/strong>. Feminista de primera l\u00ednea, tamb\u00e9 la pol\u00edtica la va seduir. Militant d\u2019Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC), des de la seva aparici\u00f3 en els anys trenta, Bald\u00f3 va convinar totes aquestes facetes a les que va dedicar la seva vida amb energia i sapi\u00e8ncia. Durant la Guerra Civil (1936-1939), Bald\u00f3 dedic\u00e0 les seves energies a la lluita per la causa de l\u2019alliberament de les dones mitjantjant l\u2019educaci\u00f3 i per aconseguir una millora en l\u2019ensenyan\u00e7a del catal\u00e0.<\/p>\n

D\u2019origen catal\u00e0, va n\u00e9ixer a Hell\u00edn (Albacete) l\u2019any 1884, per\u00f2 de ben jove la fam\u00edlia torn\u00e0 a Catalunya. Estudi\u00e0 magisteri i als 22 anys d\u2019edat es va llicenciar com a mestra. Tenia gran afici\u00f3 pel folklore \u2014va ser deixebla del conegut folklorista Rossend Serra i Pag\u00e8s<\/strong>\u2014 i molt jove present\u00e0 treballs com ara \u00abNotes sobre m\u00fasica popular valenciana\u00bb, \u00abLa festa tradicional alcoiana de moros i cristians pel dia de Sant Jordi\u00bb, \u00abValor pedag\u00f2gic del folklore\u00bb. Alhora, el seu amor per la natura li port\u00e0 a ser s\u00f2cia activa del Centre Excursionista de Catalunya.<\/p>\n

Es cas\u00e0 amb l\u2019editor Josep Serra i Chart\u00f3<\/strong>, amb qui tingu\u00e9 dos fills: Alfons (que esdevindria un eminent fil\u00f2leg) i N\u00faria. Per\u00f2 enviud\u00e0 molt aviat, el 1911, amb nom\u00e9s vint-i-set anys. Tres anys despr\u00e9s, mentre dirig\u00eda una escola nacional, torn\u00e0 a contraure matrimoni. L\u2019escollit fou ara el pedagog Llu\u00eds Torres i Ullastres<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Destacada militant feminista, el 1910, a l\u2019Ateneu Barcelon\u00e8s, Maria impart\u00ed un curs sobre \u00abCultura femenina\u00bb, que public\u00e0 en forma de llibre. Dos anys despr\u00e9s, public\u00e0 l\u2019article \u00abSobre l\u2019ensenyan\u00e7a escolar femenina\u00bb a la revista Feminal. <\/em>M\u00e9s endavant, publicaria El libro del hogar, <\/em>reeditat en diverses ocasions on, sota una \u00f2ptica feminista, reflexionava sobre l\u2019educaci\u00f3 que en aquells moments rebien les dones i sobre el treball remunerat femen\u00ed. L\u2019any 1914 intervingu\u00e9 en les confer\u00e8ncies sobre educaci\u00f3 femenina al costat de les destacades militants feministes i membres de la Secci\u00f3 Femenina de la Lliga Regionalista Carme Karr<\/strong> i Dolors Monserd\u00e0<\/strong> i amb la socialista Leonor Serrano<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Maria era una dona incansable i va ser molt activa en el camp de l\u2019ensenyament i del desenvolupament de la llengua catalana. Una mostra: membre de l\u2019Associaci\u00f3 Protectora de l\u2019Ensenyan\u00e7a Catalana, el 1920 n\u2019era vicepresidenta de la Comissi\u00f3 de propaganda. Tamb\u00e9 fou secret\u00e0ria de la Societat Barcelonina d\u2019Amics de la Instrucci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Per\u00f2 la seva traject\u00f2ria profesional va estar estretament lligada al grup escolar La Farigola. El 27 de mar\u00e7 de 1922 s’inaugur\u00e0 aquesta escola, el primer grup escolar femen\u00ed del Patronat Escolar de l’Ajuntament de la ciutat (actualment, Escola La Farigola de Vallcarca). Ella mateixa n’assum\u00ed la direcci\u00f3 i col\u00b7labor\u00e0 estretament amb Manuel Ainaud<\/strong><\/a> per aconseguir que mestres estatals poguessin ocupar les places dels altres nous grups escolars municipals. Aix\u00ed mateix, form\u00e0 part del tribunal que seleccion\u00e0 els mestres. En aquells mesos tamb\u00e9 assum\u00ed el Deganat dels Mestres de Barcelona. I les seves inquietuds socials la va portar a treballar com a professora auxiliar gratu\u00efta a l‘Escola Normal<\/a> <\/strong>de Barcelona.<\/p>\n

Bald\u00f3 destac\u00e0 tamb\u00e9 com a conferenciant per les seves intervencions a trav\u00e9s d\u2019emissions radiof\u00f2niques. Intervencions que, degut als seus principals interessos versaven sobre diverses tem\u00e0tiques vinculades a temes com literatura, jocs infantils, educaci\u00f3 de la dona. Les seves inquietuds la van portar m\u00e9s lluny: a demanar la creaci\u00f3 d\u2019escoles especialitzades per a la formaci\u00f3 de les dones i per a la preparaci\u00f3 d\u2019aquestes per a la maternitat.<\/p>\n

Creades el 1931, als inicis de la Rep\u00fablica Espanyola, durant aquests anys Maria va tenir cura\u00a0 de l\u2019evoluci\u00f3 a Catalunya de les Missions Pedag\u00f2giques. Amb ella treballava Herminio Almendros Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez<\/strong>, pedagog, escriptor i un dels principals introductors de la pedagogia Freinet. Les Missions Pedag\u00f2giques<\/strong> van ser un projecte de solidaritat cultural patrocinat pel Govern espanyol republic\u00e0 a trav\u00e9s del Ministeri d’Instrucci\u00f3 P\u00fablica i des de les plataformes del Museo Pedag\u00f3gico Nacional i la Instituci\u00f3n Libre de Ense\u00f1anza. Era un projecte llargament acaronat per ambdues institucions i els seus dirigents van ser capa\u00e7os d\u2019unir les voluntats d\u2019intel\u00b7lectuals de proced\u00e8ncia diferent al voltant d\u2019un projecte com\u00fa, focalitzat, principalment, en el m\u00f3n rural. Rodolfo Llopis<\/strong><\/a>, com a director general al Ministeri d\u2019Instrucci\u00f3 P\u00fablica, va dissenyar i posar en marxa aquest projecte. Com tantes coses, aquesta proposta, tan necess\u00e0ria en aquella Espanya tan inculta i analfabeta, es va desmantellar al final de la guerra civil.<\/p>\n

El 1933, Bald\u00f3 va assumir la secretaria del Comit\u00e8 Executiu del Congr\u00e9s d\u2019Educaci\u00f3 Social. El mateix any form\u00e0 part del Comit\u00e8 Executiu de la Comissi\u00f3 Organitzadora de la Diada Femenina d\u2019ERC. Una mica m\u00e9s tard, ja involucrada de ple en la defensa de la Rep\u00fablica, recol\u00e7\u00e0 el Manifest intel\u00b7lectual a favor de la llibertat i contra el feixisme i en pro de la creaci\u00f3 del Front d\u2019Acci\u00f3 per a la Defensa de la Cultura.<\/p>\n

Incansable, quan va esclatar la Guerra Civil va voler-se implicar de ple: va formar part del CENU (Consell de l\u2019Escola Nova Unificada), creat a Barcelona el 27 de juliol de 1936, dies despr\u00e9s de comen\u00e7ada la guerra. Aquest projecte pretenia tirar endavant una escola nova, gratu\u00efta, \u00fanica, laica, amb coeducaci\u00f3 i en llengua catalana per substituir l’escola de tend\u00e8ncia confessional, i que el nou r\u00e8gim escolar estigu\u00e9s inspirat en els principis racionalistes del treball, assegurant que tot obrer pogu\u00e9s arribar des de l’escola prim\u00e0ria als estudis superiors segons la seva capacitat. A proposta d\u2019aquest organisme, Bald\u00f3 va presidir la Comissi\u00f3 d\u2019Adaptaci\u00f3 del personal docent dels organismes t\u00e8cnics de la Generalitat a les necessitats de la guerra.<\/p>\n

Al mateix temps, Maria assum\u00ed la presid\u00e8ncia del Lyceum Club de Barcelona, que s\u2019havia creat seguint el model d’altres que ja existien a diferents ciutats europees i americanes. L\u2019abril del mateix any, ja a les portes de la guerra, \u00a0particip\u00e0 al 1r Congr\u00e9s Nacional de l\u2019Associaci\u00f3 Protectora de l\u2019Ensenyan\u00e7a Catalana, una entitat hist\u00f2rica fundada a finals de 1898 i establerta legalment el 1899 per Francesc Flors i Calcat<\/strong>. El seu objectiu principal era potenciar l\u2019ensenyament en catal\u00e0, crear escoles i millorar els materials pedag\u00f2gics. La pon\u00e8ncia \u00a0que va defensar aquell dia versava sobre \u00abLa llar i l\u2019escola\u00bb.<\/p>\n

En plena Guerra Civil, el 6 i 7 de novembre de 1937, es va celebrar al Palau de la M\u00fasica de Barcelona el Primer Congr\u00e9s Nacional de la Dona, convocat per les principals organitzacions pol\u00edtiques i sindicals de Catalunya. Hi van assistir m\u00e9s de 800 delegades, les quals, amb un ferm comprom\u00eds amb la defensa de la Rep\u00fablica i l\u2019emancipaci\u00f3 de les dones, decideixen constituir la Uni\u00f3 de Dones de Catalunya. Sota la presid\u00e8ncia de la destacada propagandista d\u2019Esquerra Maria Dolors Bargall\u00f3<\/strong> (1902-1980), la Uni\u00f3 de Dones de Catalunya esdev\u00e9 la principal organitzaci\u00f3 feminista de la Catalunya republicana, desenvolupant una ingent tasca que nom\u00e9s la derrota a la Guerra Civil pogu\u00e9 estroncar. Doncs b\u00e9, Maria fou escollida vicepresidenta del Comit\u00e8 Executiu d\u2019aquest grup format per dones. Aquest esdeveniment es va portar a terme en un context hist\u00f2ric marcat per la dicotomia entre democr\u00e0cia i dictadura que impulsava una lluita incansable per la llibertat de les dones. En aquest context, Maria tamb\u00e9 fou secret\u00e0ria general de \u00abLa dona a la reraguarda\u00bb secci\u00f3 del Comissariat de Propaganda de la Generalitat de Catalunya.<\/p>\n

Quan acab\u00e0 la immensa carniceria, juntament amb el seu marit, Maria es va exiliar a Fran\u00e7a, instal\u00b7lant-se a Tolosa de Llenguadoc, on va morir l\u2019any 1964. Sabia que els vencedors no li perdonarien la seva traject\u00f2ria vital. En aquella ciutat tamb\u00e9 es va mostrar activa: va dirigir la Resid\u00e8ncia d\u2019intel\u00b7lectuals Catalans depenent de la Fundaci\u00f3 Ramon Llull, impulsada per la Generalitat de Catalunya a l\u2019exili.<\/p>\n

Durant tot el seu exili continu\u00e0 vinculada a ERC \u2014el 1948 fou escollida presidenta de la secci\u00f3 femenina d\u2019aquest partit a l\u2019Alta Garona.<\/p>\n

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Font:\u00a0educational EVIDENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Aquest article parla d\u2019una dona singular: de Maria Bald\u00f3 Massanet, una dona que va tenir la sort de viure una vida intensa, plena. La seva vocaci\u00f3 era sobre tot l\u2019ensenyament, posant el punt de mira molt especialmente en l\u2019educaci\u00f3 de les dones, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 estaba molt interessada en el folklorisme.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":35748,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[245],"tags":[403,2887,4574,4573],"class_list":["post-35743","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-portada-ca","tag-educacio","tag-feminisme","tag-folklorisme","tag-maria-baldo"],"yoast_head":"\nPedagoga, feminista i folklorista. 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