{"id":32381,"date":"2026-01-29T00:49:44","date_gmt":"2026-01-28T23:49:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/?p=32381"},"modified":"2026-01-30T08:46:07","modified_gmt":"2026-01-30T07:46:07","slug":"diem-prou-primera-manifestacio-feminista-a-barcelona-1910","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/ca\/diem-prou-primera-manifestacio-feminista-a-barcelona-1910\/","title":{"rendered":"Diem prou: primera manifestaci\u00f3 feminista a barcelona (1910)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Foto acolorida de la manifestaci\u00f3 de dones a Barcelona, 10 juliol 1910 \/ Font: https:\/\/barcelodona.blogspot.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Llic\u00e8ncia Creative Commons<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Soledad Bengoechea<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Mujeres, dejad de ser hembras, diamantes enlodados, flores repletas de detritus nocivos, sol tras \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0plomizos nubarrones, para convertiros en seres pensantes y conscientes, en deslumbradora pedrer\u00eda, en flores frescas y dor\u00edferas, en sol espl\u00e9ndido y vivificador<\/p>\n

\u00c1ngeles L\u00f3pez de Ayala, El Gladiador de Librepensamiento<\/em>, 1917.<\/p>\n

Corria un dia de calor sofocant, el 10 de juliol de 1910, quan Barcelona fou l\u2019escenari de la primera manifestaci\u00f3 important de dones<\/strong> de la hist\u00f2ria de Catalunya i d\u2019Espanya. El motiu fou la protesta perqu\u00e8 algunes associacions femenines religioses s\u2019havien atribuit la representaci\u00f3 de totes les dones espa\u00f1oles en mat\u00e8ries com l\u2019educaci\u00f3. A m\u00e9s, per primera vegada, les dones reclamaven drets pol\u00edtics.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Una dona singular: \u00c1ngeles L\u00f3pez de Ayala<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tot i que han retard comparativament amb altres pa\u00efsos m\u00e9s industrialitzats, des de mitjans del segle XIX i al llarg del segle vint, el feminisme a Catalunya ha tingut figures rellevants, algunes de les quals havien nascut en altres llocs d\u2019Espanya. Des del punt de vista social, el feminisme va n\u00e9ixer plural. Evolucion\u00e0 a partit de l\u2019arc que va de la burgesia intel\u00b7lectual (Dolors Monserd\u00e0, Francesca Bonnmaison, Carme Karr) al republicanisme i a l\u2019anarquisme obrer (\u00c1ngeles L\u00f3pez de Ayala, Teresa Claramunt).<\/p>\n

L\u2019any 1858 va n\u00e9ixer la sevillana \u00c1ngeles L\u00f3pez de Ayala. Arrib\u00e0 a Catalunya poc despr\u00e9s de complir trenta anys, i fou la promotora m\u00e9s rellevant d\u2019un cert feminisme que pos\u00e0 les arrels del que veuria la llum els anys trenta del segle vint. Un primer feminisme lliurepensador que destacava pel seu obrerisme, la\u00efcisme, anticlericalisme i republicanisme<\/strong>, i que amb aquestes caracter\u00edstiques trencava els redu\u00efts cercles reformadors dels moviments feministes burguesos per estendre\u2019s tamb\u00e9 cap a les classes populars.<\/p>\n

A trav\u00e9s de les p\u00e0gines de nombroses publicacions, L\u00f3pez de Ayala recolz\u00e0 la idea de la necessitat d\u2019aconseguir l\u2019emancipaci\u00f3 de la dona. Elles, les dones,\u00a0 havien de alliberar-se de les restriccions que les imposava l\u2019esgl\u00e9sia i la religi\u00f3. Col\u00b7laborava amb els diaris El Clamor Zaragozano<\/em>, La Publicidad<\/em> i El Diluvio<\/em>, i revistes com La luz del porvenir<\/em>, despr\u00e9s de con\u00e8ixer a la seva reconeguda editora, tamb\u00e9 escriptora i espiritista, Amalia Domingo Soler<\/strong>. Domingo, cega dels del seu naixement, form\u00e0 part d\u2019algunes l\u00f2gies ma\u00e7\u00f2niques que practicaven espiritisme, com \u201cEl Gran Oriente Espiritista\u201d fundat el 1891. Amb \u00c1ngeles L\u00f3pez de Ayala i Teresa Claramunt<\/strong> van fundar el mateix 1891 el primer nucli feminista de l\u2019estat, la Sociedad Aut\u00f2noma de Mujeres, subsistu\u00eft posteriorment per la Sociedad Progresiva Femenina (1898).<\/p>\n

L\u00f3pez de Ayala tamb\u00e9 va fundar i dirigir el setmanari El Progreso<\/em> (1896), d\u2019ideologia republicana i que acostumava a tractar la situaci\u00f3 i problem\u00e0tica de la dona; el Gladiador<\/em> (1906), publicaci\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 de car\u00e0cter lliurepensador i feminista, que va agafar el relleu de El Progreso<\/em>; El Libertador<\/em> (1910), que al seu torn va substituir El Gladiador del Librepensamiento<\/em> (1914) que desapareixeria el 1920 juntament amb la Sociedad Progresiva Femenina, de la que l\u2019\u00f2rgan d\u2019expressi\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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Precedents: Sociedad Aut\u00f3noma de Mujeres de Barcelona (1892) i <\/strong>Sociedad Progresiva Femenina (1897)<\/strong><\/p>\n

La proposta de la dona igual a l\u2019home, hereva de la Revoluci\u00f3 Francesa i de la Il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3, va apar\u00e8ixer a Catalunya lligada als lliurepensadors i republicans. La feina comen\u00e7ada per diverses feministes es consolid\u00e0 i sortiren a la llum noves iniciatives. Continu\u00e0 l\u2019activitat period\u00edstica, per\u00f2 hi va haver un canvi substancial: les dones s\u2019adonaren de que nom\u00e9s amb la lletra impresa no hi havia prou per aconseguir els canvis que demanaven i decidiren sortir als carrers. Eren dones que havien rebut una formaci\u00f3 cultural diferent de l\u2019habitual<\/strong>. Tamb\u00e9 sorgiren les primeres l\u00edderesses obreres, dones de f\u00e0brica i mares de fam\u00edlia, que podien fer esclatar revoltes o sortir als carrers quan aquestes ja havien esclatat i organitzaven, o s\u2019afegien a vagues i motins. Normalment eren deguts a la manca o a la pujada dels productes de subsist\u00e8ncia (com els rebomboris del carb\u00f3 i el pa de gener de 1918),\u00a0 tot que de vegades hi havia altres raons (com fou el cas de les dones que es manifestaren a la Setmana Tr\u00e0gica del 1909<\/strong> per impedir que els seus al\u00b7legats masculins fossin al Marroc).<\/p>\n

Segons que assenyala l\u2019historiador Felip Belmonte<\/strong>, \u201cuna de les institucions m\u00e9s destacades a principis de segle en la defensa del paper de la dona a la societat va ser la Sociedad Aut\u00f3noma de Mujeres de Barcelona<\/em>. Aquesta va ser la primera associaci\u00f3 feminista a Espanya i va ser fundada\u00a0 per L\u00f3pez de Ayala, juntament amb Amalia Domingo Soler<\/strong> i l\u2019anarcosindicalista sabadellenca Teresa Claramunt<\/strong>, el 1892, tot i que ja es troben not\u00edcies de la mateixa el 1889\u201d. Aquesta societat es va establir inicialment al desaparegut carrer Cadena (situat en la zona on es troba actualment la rambla del Raval de Barcelona) per traslladar-se m\u00e9s tard al carrer Ferlandina, 20. Les seves accions estaven encaminades a organitzar actes nom\u00e9s per a dones, dedicats al debat pol\u00edtic o a temes culturals i pedag\u00f2gics, i tamb\u00e9 finan\u00e7ava una escola nocturna per a adults \u2014Fomento de la Instrucci\u00f3n Libre de Barcelona\u2014 <\/em>de car\u00e0cter gratu\u00eft i situada al carrer Sant Pau 31, tamb\u00e9 a la ciutat comtal. Totes dues institucions estaven fortament vinculades a la Logia Constancia<\/em>.<\/p>\n

A finals de 1897, la Sociedad Aut\u00f3noma de Mujeres <\/em><\/strong>es va convertir en la Sociedad Progresiva Femenina<\/strong>.<\/em> Al principi, es va considerar l\u2019associaci\u00f3 feminista m\u00e9s important d\u2019Espa\u00f1a, malgrat que les seves actuacions se circumscrivien a Catalunya. Va estar dirigida per L\u00f3pez de Ayala i solia ser punt de trobada per a dones membres de la Logia Constancia<\/em>. Estava situada al barri de Gr\u00e0cia i va tenir la seva primera seu al carrer S\u00e8neca 2, fins a l\u2019any 1900, en qu\u00e8 es va traslladar al carrer Torrijos 7, on es va mantenir activa fins al 1920. Es denunciava la situaci\u00f3 de doble opressi\u00f3 i explotaci\u00f3 de la dona, per la seva pr\u00f2pia condici\u00f3 de dona i com a part de la classe treballadora, i es reclamava una societat republicana basada en la llibertat, la igualtat i la fraternitat.<\/p>\n

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Primera manifestaci\u00f3 feminista (1910)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Parlem ara de la primera manifestaci\u00f3 feminista que va tenir lloc a Barcelona l\u2019any 1910. Va ser organitzada conjuntament per la Agrupaci\u00f3n de Damas Rojas, <\/em>la Asociaci\u00f3n de Damas radicales <\/em>i la Sociedad Progresiva Femenina<\/em> de forma que, tot i que la principal impulsora fou L\u00f3pez de Ayala, la manifestaci\u00f3 estava sota el comandament d\u2019una comissi\u00f3 executiva composta per una representant de cadascuna de les entitats organitzadores: Laura Mateo, Francisca Gimeno i \u00c1ngeles L\u00f3pez de Ayala<\/strong>, respectivament. Va comptar amb el suport del partit Radical de<\/strong> Lerroux<\/strong> com ho demostrava el fet de la participaci\u00f3 en la comissi\u00f3 organitzadora de les \u201cDamas Radicales<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Manifestaci\u00f3 de dones de Barcelona, convocades per \u00c1ngeles L\u00f3pez de Ayala, el 10 de juliol de 1910<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Segons algunes cr\u00f2niques, L\u00f3pez de Ayala anava a l\u2019epicentre de la manifestaci\u00f3. L\u2019esdeveniment\u00a0 signific\u00e0 la primera manifestaci\u00f3 feminista realitzada a Espanya. <\/strong>Assistiren al voltant de 20.000 dones procedents de Barcelona i zones lim\u00edtrofes en una\u00a0 exhibici\u00f3 a la que alguna prensa qualific\u00e0 de \u00abdones anticlericals, liberals i radicals\u00bb. En tot moment l\u2019acte va ser pac\u00edfic. La Vanguardia<\/em>, que cobria la marxa, apuntava que entre les assistents anaven una nena \u00abvestida de Rep\u00fablica\u00bb i moltes\u00a0 manifestants portaven amb una caricatura que mostrava a la rep\u00fablica donant un cop de peu a un frare. Moltes circulaven pels carrers agafades del bra\u00e7, sota un sol que abrasava, i amb aquelles faldilles llargues, fins el turmell, pr\u00f2pies de l\u2019\u00e8poca; anaven llen\u00e7ant consignes i cantant can\u00e7ons.<\/p>\n

La manifestaci\u00f3 finalitz\u00e0 davant del Govern Civil, on les convocants entregaren un plec de peticions amb \u00a022.000 signatures de dones, reivindicant la limitaci\u00f3 del poder de l\u2019esgl\u00e9sia cat\u00f2lica<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Aix\u00ed va finalitzar aquell acte. Buscava deixar clar que les dones no estaven sota el domini de l\u2019esgl\u00e9sia cat\u00f3lica i que pensaven per elles mateixes (no oblidem que aquella idea de que \u2018el confesor va a dictar el voto\u2019 fou un dels arguments que es van utilizar contra el sufragi femen\u00ed i que Clara Campoamor<\/strong> va tenir d\u2019escoltar en els anys 30 abans d\u2019aconseguir que la II Rep\u00fablica reconegu\u00e9s el vot de les dones).<\/p>\n

\n

Font:\u00a0educational EVIDENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Drets:\u00a0Creative Commons<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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