{"id":29266,"date":"2025-09-10T08:47:45","date_gmt":"2025-09-10T06:47:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/?p=29266"},"modified":"2025-09-10T08:48:12","modified_gmt":"2025-09-10T06:48:12","slug":"la-generacio-dunning-kruger","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/ca\/la-generacio-dunning-kruger\/","title":{"rendered":"La generaci\u00f3 Dunning-Kruger"},"content":{"rendered":"

La generaci\u00f3 Dunning-Kruger<\/h1>\n

Es tracta d’una temeritat responsable de formar una generaci\u00f3 que no nom\u00e9s no sap, sin\u00f3 que, encara pitjor, no sap que no sap.<\/p>\n

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Pigmali\u00f3n, de Jean-Baptiste Regnault de 1786, Museu Nacional del Palau de Versalles. \/ Wikimedia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Llic\u00e8ncia Creative Commons<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Josep Oton<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

La mitologia cl\u00e0ssica ens presenta la hist\u00f2ria de Pigmali\u00f3<\/strong>, rei de Xipre, que tenia el prop\u00f2sit de casar-se, per\u00f2 no trobava una esposa adequada. Aspirava a un nivell de bellesa i de perfecci\u00f3 poc freq\u00fcent. Frustrat, va renunciar a contraure matrimoni i dedic\u00e0 el seu temps a l’escultura per aix\u00ed compensar la solitud d\u2019una vida sense parella. Finalment, va crear una est\u00e0tua tan bella que es va enamorar de la seva obra. La deessa Afrodita<\/strong>, commoguda pels sentiments del monarca, li va dir: \u201cmereixes la felicitat, una felicitat que tu mateix has plasmat. Aqu\u00ed tens a la reina que has buscat. Estima-la i defensa-la del mal\u201d. Llavors, l’est\u00e0tua cobr\u00e0 vida i es convert\u00ed en la dona amb qui Pigmali\u00f3 es va casar.<\/p>\n

Al llarg dels segles, aquest mite antic ha servit d\u2019inspiraci\u00f3 en l’art i en la literatura. George Bernard Shaw<\/strong> va escriure una obra de teatre amb una versi\u00f3 modernitzada de l’argument. En aquest cas es tractava d\u2019un professor de fon\u00e8tica que volia ensenyar a parlar correctament a una florista d\u2019origen humil. La va ajudar a perfeccionar el seu accent i a saber mantenir una conversa. Diversos guions cinematogr\u00e0fics -com els de les pel\u00b7l\u00edcules My Fair Lady<\/em> o Pretty Woman<\/em>– han reelaborat la idea de l’escriptor irland\u00e8s.<\/p>\n

Ara b\u00e9, aquesta idea tamb\u00e9 ha estat recollida en els estudis de psicologia social donant lloc al conegut com \u201cefecte Pigmali\u00f3<\/strong>\u201d. Aquesta expressi\u00f3 s’utilitza per a descriure com les expectatives d’alg\u00fa relatives al rendiment d’altres persones poden condicionar els seus resultats. Aquest fenomen t\u00e9 especial inter\u00e8s per als estudis de grups, at\u00e8s que els prejudicis d’un investigador poden alterar el comportament dels subjectes estudiats.<\/p>\n

El psic\u00f2leg David C. McClelland<\/strong>, basant-se en els treballs de Leonore Jacobson<\/strong> i Robert Rosenthal<\/strong>, va realitzar diversos tests per a estudiar els alumnes d’una escola. Ara b\u00e9, no va comunicar els resultats reals al professorat del centre. Va\u00a0 seleccionar a l’atzar un grup de nois i noies i va informar als docents que, d\u2019acord amb l’estudi, eren persones molt dotades intel\u00b7lectualment. Tot i no ser cert, aquests alumnes falsament diagnosticats van millorar significativament en les seves qualificacions.<\/p>\n

Segons les conclusions de McClelland, quan els docents consideren que determinats estudiants s\u00f3n m\u00e9s intel\u00b7ligents, aquests alumnes tendeixen a esfor\u00e7ar-se m\u00e9s<\/strong> i els seus resultats s\u00f3n millors. L\u2019explicaci\u00f3 \u00e9s senzilla. Els docents amb expectatives expl\u00edcites respecte als seus alumnes els tracten de manera diferent d’acord amb els seus prejudicis. Dediquen una atenci\u00f3 especial als estudiants que ells valoren com m\u00e9s capacitats i, de retruc, els motiven m\u00e9s. Aquests alumnes, en ser tractats de manera diferent, treballen m\u00e9s i resolen satisfact\u00f2riament els exercicis. D\u2019aquesta manera, confirmen les previsions del professorat en una mena de profecia autorealitzada<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

A partir d\u2019aquest experiment, se sol aplicar la idea de l’efecte Pigmali\u00f3 a la innovaci\u00f3 educativa. Quan un grup d’investigadors \/ docents implementa una t\u00e8cnica nova a l’aula, si b\u00e9 pot fracassar per la manca experi\u00e8ncia pr\u00e8via, tamb\u00e9 pot succeir tot el contrari: els resultats milloren de manera significativa i certifiquen la idone\u00eftat del m\u00e8tode aplicat.<\/p>\n

No obstant aix\u00f2, l\u2019efecte Pigmali\u00f3 ens adverteix de la concurr\u00e8ncia d’altres factors: la motivaci\u00f3 dels investigadors \/ docents es contagia a l’alumnat que participa en l’experiment. En un clima col\u00b7lectiu d’entusiasme, de curiositat, la novetat desperta l\u2019atenci\u00f3 i, en conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, tot funciona millor. Trencar amb la rutina incrementa l’inter\u00e8s.<\/p>\n

Aix\u00ed, doncs, no es pot atribuir la millora dels resultats tan sols a l\u2019efic\u00e0cia del nou m\u00e8tode, sin\u00f3 que cal tenir en compte la influ\u00e8ncia de l’ambient creat i de les expectatives compartides. En el mite cl\u00e0ssic, l’artista s’enamora de la seva obra i aquesta cobra vida. En la realitat, en ocasions, l’investigador s’enamora de la seva teoria i l’alumnat actua d’acord amb les seves previsions.<\/p>\n

No obstant aix\u00f2, quan aquest mateix m\u00e8tode s’implementa en altres grups amb altres docents, menys entusiasmats amb el projecte, els resultats no solen ser equiparables. I, en cas de ser imposat per les autoritats educatives, poden arribar a ser nefastos.<\/p>\n

Aix\u00ed i tot, existeix un perill major. El revers de l’enamorament \u00a0pigmale\u00e0 \u00e9s la ren\u00fancia a l’objectivitat del rigor cient\u00edfic, la negaci\u00f3 de les evid\u00e8ncies<\/strong>. L\u2019alumnat pot acabar sent enganyat en fer-li creure que les seves capacitats estan per damunt de les seves possibilitats reals. \u00c9s el que col\u00b7loquialment es coneix com \u201cinflar les notes\u201d. El sistema educatiu genera un miratge, estafa els joves i enganya la societat. Un frau en tota regla. La frustraci\u00f3 posterior est\u00e0 servida perqu\u00e8 la realitat s’acaba imposant.<\/p>\n

De fet, passem de l’efecte Pigmali\u00f3 a l\u2019efecte Dunning-Kruger<\/a><\/span><\/strong>, segons el qual algunes persones poc dotades tendeixen, precisament a causa de la seva limitaci\u00f3, a sobreestimar la seva capacitat per a realitzar determinades tasques. \u00c9s a dir, aquells que s\u00f3n incompetents en una \u00e0rea determinada sovint no se n\u2019adonen de la seva pr\u00f2pia ineptitud. Aquest fenomen tamb\u00e9 es coneix com el “relat de la doble c\u00e0rrega<\/strong>“. Conflueixen la manca de compet\u00e8ncia i el desconeixement d\u2019aquest d\u00e8ficit.<\/p>\n

L’efecte Dunning-Kruger sol estar en funci\u00f3 de factors metacognitius, per\u00f2 el que resulta alarmant \u00e9s que sigui conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de la pr\u00f2pia intervenci\u00f3 educativa. El que en un principi seria una disfunci\u00f3 cognitiva, que afecta\u00a0 alguns subjectes particulars, es generalitza a trav\u00e9s de les mancances d’un sistema educatiu negligent. Les autoritats acad\u00e8miques poden maquillar els resultats per a blanquejar les seves errades. Es tracta d’una temeritat responsable de formar una generaci\u00f3 que no nom\u00e9s no sap, sin\u00f3 que, encara pitjor, no sap que no sap.<\/p>\n

\n

Font:\u00a0educational EVIDENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Drets:\u00a0Creative Commons<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La mitologia cl\u00e0ssica ens presenta la hist\u00f2ria de Pigmali\u00f3, rei de Xipre, que tenia el prop\u00f2sit de casar-se, per\u00f2 no trobava una esposa adequada. Aspirava a un nivell de bellesa i de perfecci\u00f3 poc freq\u00fcent. Frustrat, va renunciar a contraure matrimoni i dedic\u00e0 el seu temps a l’escultura per aix\u00ed compensar la solitud d\u2019una vida sense parella.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":29258,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"1","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[240],"tags":[1231,1463,3272,3270,3271],"class_list":["post-29266","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinio","tag-coneixement","tag-conocimiento-ca","tag-efecte-dunning-kruger","tag-efecte-pigmalio","tag-motivacio"],"yoast_head":"\nLa generaci\u00f3 Dunning-Kruger - Educational Evidence<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La mitologia cl\u00e0ssica ens presenta la hist\u00f2ria de Pigmali\u00f3, rei de Xipre, que tenia el prop\u00f2sit de casar-se, per\u00f2 no trobava una esposa adequada. Aspirava a un nivell de bellesa i de perfecci\u00f3 poc freq\u00fcent. Frustrat, va renunciar a contraure matrimoni i dedic\u00e0 el seu temps a l'escultura per aix\u00ed compensar la solitud d\u2019una vida sense parella.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/ca\/la-generacio-dunning-kruger\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La generaci\u00f3 Dunning-Kruger - Educational Evidence\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La mitologia cl\u00e0ssica ens presenta la hist\u00f2ria de Pigmali\u00f3, rei de Xipre, que tenia el prop\u00f2sit de casar-se, per\u00f2 no trobava una esposa adequada. Aspirava a un nivell de bellesa i de perfecci\u00f3 poc freq\u00fcent. 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