{"id":20736,"date":"2024-10-11T14:35:06","date_gmt":"2024-10-11T12:35:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/?p=20736"},"modified":"2024-10-24T09:15:05","modified_gmt":"2024-10-24T07:15:05","slug":"lampolla-de-leyden","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/ca\/lampolla-de-leyden\/","title":{"rendered":"L’Ampolla de Leyden"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

VA SUCCEIR\u2026<\/span><\/h3>\n

L’11 d’octubre del 1745<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

L’Ampolla de Leyden<\/h1>\n
\"\"
Cuatro botellas de Leyden que forman una bater\u00eda (Museo Boerhaave, 2003). Wikimedia. Autor<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Llic\u00e8ncia Creative Commons<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Xavier Mass\u00f3<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

… L’11 d’octubre del 1745<\/strong>, Ewald J\u00fcrgen von Kleist (1700-1748), clergue luter\u00e0, deg\u00e0 de la catedral de Cammin (Pomer\u00e0nia) i aficionat a la f\u00edsica, presentava un artefacte de la seva invenci\u00f3 capa\u00e7 d’emmagatzemar electricitat mitjan\u00e7ant desc\u00e0rregues. Era el primer condensador de la hist\u00f2ria elaborat per l’\u00e9sser hum\u00e0. Es coneix com l’Ampolla de Leyden<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

L’electricitat \u00e9s un fenomen f\u00edsic que consisteix en el flux de c\u00e0rregues el\u00e8ctriques, que s\u00f3n, alhora, una propietat f\u00edsica d’algunes part\u00edcules subat\u00f2miques que es manifesta mitjan\u00e7ant forces d’atracci\u00f3 i repulsi\u00f3 entre elles a trav\u00e9s de camps electromagn\u00e8tics. La mat\u00e8ria carregada el\u00e8ctricament \u00e9s influ\u00efda per aquests camps electromagn\u00e8tics, alhora que n’\u00e9s generadora. L’exist\u00e8ncia de fen\u00f2mens \u201cel\u00e8ctrics\u201d \u00e9s coneguda des de l’Antiguitat.<\/p>\n

El terme prov\u00e9 de la paraula grega \u03ae\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd -\u00e9lektron- que tradu\u00eft significa \u00abambre\u00bb, precisament perqu\u00e8 els grecs van observar que en fregar l’ambre amb llana o amb pell es produ\u00efen c\u00e0rregues que atreien petits objectes, i que en fer-ho m\u00e9s intensament podien saltar espurnes . Tamb\u00e9 se sabia de l’electricitat produ\u00efda per certs peixos -els egipcis els anomenaven \u00abels tronadors\u00bb del Nil–, i que els romans solien tractar els afectats de gota i cefalees amb desc\u00e0rregues el\u00e8ctriques d’aquests peixos. Plini el Vell ens va deixar descrits els efectes adormidors de les desc\u00e0rregues de les ratlles el\u00e8ctriques. Tamb\u00e9 eren conegudes les \u00abpedres de Magn\u00e8sia\u00bb, anomenades aix\u00ed per ser abundants als voltants d’aquesta ciutat siriana, derivant les paraules actuals magneta -imant- i magnetita, l’element, d’aquest top\u00f2nim.<\/p>\n

Igualment, els primers estudis que consten sobre la naturalesa el\u00e8ctrica del llamp daten dels \u00e0rabs cap al segle X, que el van anomenar per analogia amb la ratlla el\u00e8ctrica \u2013raad, llamp-, terme que va desapar\u00e8ixer al segle XV. Tamb\u00e9 s’ha especulat que les anomenades \u00abbateries de Bagdad\u00bb, de la civilitzaci\u00f3 dels parts, podrien haver estat cel\u00b7les voltaiques, encara que aquest extrem ja \u00e9s m\u00e9s dubt\u00f3s. Amb la Revoluci\u00f3 Cient\u00edfica del segle XVII, l’estudi dels fen\u00f2mens el\u00e8ctrics a Europa va experimentar un impuls notable. \u00c9s en aquest context que, ja al segle XVIII, apareix la Ampolla de Leyden.<\/p>\n

De fet, est\u00e0 en disputa qui va ser el primer que va fabricar una ampolla de Leyden. Von Kleist havia estudiat a la Universitat de Leyden i la va presentar pel seu compte, com a membre de l’Acad\u00e8mia de Ci\u00e8ncies Prusiana. Un any despr\u00e9s, Peter van Musschenbroek (1692-1761), aleshores professor d’aquesta mateixa Universitat, independentment de von Kleist, la va presentar oficialment davant de la Universitat. Havia estat investigant si l’aigua podia emmagatzemar electricitat i durant un dels seus experiments un estudiant va agafar l’ampolla pel coll amb la m\u00e0 i va rebre una forta desc\u00e0rrega. En qualsevol cas, i provinent tots dos de la mateixa Universitat, se la va anomenar Botella de Leyden.<\/p>\n

L’artefacte ens semblar\u00e0, d\u2019acord amb els par\u00e0metres actuals, molt artesanal i tosc, per\u00f2 no per aix\u00f2 deixa de ser el primer condensador artificial de la hist\u00f2ria. Consisteix en una ampolla de vidre parcialment plena amb aigua, tapada pel coll amb un tap de suro travessat per una barra met\u00e0l\u00b7lica submergida a l’aigua. L’extrem exterior a la botella de la barra formava una esfera met\u00e0l\u00b7lica. En connectar l\u00b4esfera amb una font d\u00b4energia est\u00e0tica, l\u00b4ampolla es carregava. Alhora, es podia descarregar connectant el seu born central a un punt de potencial zero \u2013el que avui anomenem massa o terra-.<\/p>\n

Despr\u00e9s l’invent va evolucionar. Es van introduir l\u00e0mines met\u00e0l\u00b7liques molt primes, amb a\u00efllants a la superf\u00edcie exterior i interior del recipient de vidre, i la vareta met\u00e0l\u00b7lica que travessava l’a\u00efllant feia contacte amb la l\u00e0mina interior, produint la perforaci\u00f3 diel\u00e8ctrica de l’aire mitjan\u00e7ant una espurna i augmentant-ne l’efectivitat, per\u00f2 el principi era en ess\u00e8ncia el mateix. Aviat es van trobar important\u00edssimes i decisives aplicacions pr\u00e0ctiques per utilitzar l’electricitat est\u00e0tica emmagatzemada, que alhora produ\u00efen diferents tipus de generadors electrost\u00e0tics, com la m\u00e0quina de Wimshurts o la de Ramsden.<\/p>\n

El 1747, William Watson (1715-1787) va descobrir que la desc\u00e0rrega augmentava si s’embolicava el recipient amb una capa d’estany. En la seva demostraci\u00f3 p\u00fablica, va transmetre una desc\u00e0rrega el\u00e8ctrica des d’una ampolla de Leyden a un cable met\u00e0l\u00b7lic que travessava el riu T\u00e0mesi, produint desc\u00e0rregues capaces de matar ratolins i ocells. Alhora, Jean-Antoine Nollet (1700-1770) va substituir l’aigua per l\u00e0mines d’estany, sent aquesta la configuraci\u00f3 final que va adoptar la Ampolla de Leyden.<\/p>\n

La humanitat comen\u00e7ava a controlar l\u2019electricitat…<\/p>\n

\n

Font:\u00a0educational EVIDENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Drets:\u00a0Creative Commons<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

… L’11 d’octubre del 1745, Ewald J\u00fcrgen von Kleist (1700-1748), clergue luter\u00e0, deg\u00e0 de la catedral de Cammin (Pomer\u00e0nia) i aficionat a la f\u00edsica, presentava un artefacte de la seva invenci\u00f3 capa\u00e7 d’emmagatzemar electricitat mitjan\u00e7ant desc\u00e0rregues. Era el primer condensador de la hist\u00f2ria elaborat per l’\u00e9sser hum\u00e0. Es coneix com l’Ampolla de Leyden.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":20730,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"1","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[219,1650],"tags":[1913,1915],"class_list":["post-20736","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ciencia-ca","category-va-succeir","tag-ampolla-de-leyden","tag-ewald-jurgen-von-kleist-ca"],"yoast_head":"\nL'Ampolla de Leyden - Educational Evidence<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/educationalevidence.com\/ca\/lampolla-de-leyden\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L'Ampolla de Leyden - Educational Evidence\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"... 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